Engineering papers

The analysis behind the network: how transaction and block delivery actually scales, where the pull model breaks, and what the 1BSV multicast fabric does instead. Written for Teranode operators and engineers; grounded in stated, checkable arithmetic.

Analysis · 2026

The cost of being reachable

Transaction-intake economics for Teranode miners. Prices every route to global reachability: self-built anycast, DNS steering, and rented edge reach by the gigabyte or the megabit, then sets out the 1BSV model where admission is free, delivery is the paid product, and identity survives every tier, up to your own address block announced on your behalf.

Analysis · 2026

The Asset service at scale

Why fronting DataHubURL with a CDN extends the gossip problem instead of solving it. Walks the announce-then-pull model up the throughput ladder from 10 k to 1B TPS, shows where origin egress, concurrency, and the block race break, prices the CDN offload network-wide, and sets out the multicast-fabric alternative with white-label co-branded anycast ingress.

Design · 2026

Pushed delivery into a Teranode cluster

The delivery contract: how the sharded multicast fabric feeds a multi-node Teranode cluster over unicast TCP with no hardware load balancer. Push frame formats (BRC-143 subtree, BRC-144 block), distribution and failover mechanics, and the Teranode-side ingest work, gap by gap.

Design · 2026

Landing in Kubernetes

The Kubernetes-native shape of pushed delivery: the consumer end of the tunnel terminates inside the delivery bridge's own pod and reaches Teranode over ordinary ClusterIP Services. No routers, no BGP session, no load balancer, no inbound firewall rule, and Teranode itself unmodified; closes with the cases where a separate landing box is still the better answer.

Design · 2026

Shard bit extraction

How a transaction finds its multicast group: the one-line big-endian top-bits derivation, why it beats a modulo (widening splits groups instead of reshuffling them), the BRC-129 address layout the index lands in, and the BRC-148 generalisation that runs the same rule on every object plane.

These papers build on the open BRC specifications listed under Standards. Questions, corrections, or integration conversations: 1bsv@lightweb.net.